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Also known as Great Red Island, Isle of St. Lawrence, Madagascar, Madagascar, Republic de Madagascar, République’e Madagasikar
How Far To Africa
Jean Dresch, Professor of Geography, University of Paris VII, 1948-77. Author of Recherches sur l’évolution du relief dans le Haut-Atlas and others.
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Hubert Jules Deschamps, Professor of Modern Black African History, University of Paris, 1962-70. Colonial Administrator, Madagascar, 1926–36. Author of History of Madagascar and others.
Maureen Ann Cowell, Professor of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada. Author of Madagascar: Politics, Economics and Society and others.
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Madagascar, an island country located off the southeast coast of Africa. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world after Greenland, New Guinea and Borneo.
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Although Madagascar is located about 400 km from the African continent, Madagascar’s population is not primarily related to African people, but to Indonesia, more than 3,000 miles (4,800 km) to the east. Furthermore, the Malagasy people do not consider themselves African, but due to continued relations with France as a result of former colonial rule, the island has developed political, economic and cultural ties with the French-speaking countries of West Africa. The island’s fauna and flora are also unusual, very different from nearby Africa and unique in many ways. Although the coastal areas have been known to Europeans for more than 400 years, and to the Arabs for much longer, recent historical development has been more intense and concentrated on the central plateau, where the capital is Antananarivo (formerly Tennariv).
Madagascar lies in the southwestern Indian Ocean and is separated from the African coast by the 250-mile (400 km) wide Mozambique Channel.
Madagascar consists of three parallel longitudinal zones – the central plateau, the coastal belt in the east, and the area of low plateaus and plains in the west.
Located between 2,500 and 4,500 feet (800 and 1,400 m) above sea level, the plateau has been repeatedly uplifted and eroded, and it slopes to the west. Three massifs are more than 8,500 feet (2,600 m) high. The region of Tsaratana to the north is separated from the rest of the highlands by the Massif of Tsaratana, whose peak, Meromocotro, reaches 9,436 feet (2,876 m) and is the highest point on the island. The Ankaratra massif in the center is a large volcanic mass whose summit, Tsiafajawona, is 8,671 feet (2,643 m) high. Ankaratra is a large watershed that separates three main watersheds. Further south, Andringitra is an extensive granite massif north of Tolanar (Faradofe); It rises to 8,720 feet (2,658 m) at Bobby Peak.
The plateau slopes somewhat regularly towards the southern lowlands, but its borders are steeper to the east and west. To the east it descends into a steep fault with a vertical grade of 1,000 to 2,000 feet (300 to 600 m). This cliff, called the Great Cliff or Engavoni Cliff, is often inaccessible, and itself adjoins the Betsimisaraka Escarpment, a second and lower cliff to the east, which overhangs the coastal plain. Behind the escarpment are the remains of ancient lakes, including Lake Alaotra. In the south, two steep rises meet to form the Mahafli and Androi Plateaus, which terminate in sheer cliffs above the sea. Towards the west, the landing is arranged in a series of steps. However, in some places the central plateau is surrounded by an inaccessible escarpment, such as Bongolawa Rock in the west-central part of the island. In the extreme north, the plateau is surrounded by the low ridge of the Ambohitra Mountains, which includes a series of volcanic craters.
The average width of the coastline is about 30 miles (50 km). It is a narrow alluvial plain ending in a low coast surrounded by lagoons interconnected by the Panglanes (Ampangalana) Channel, which is more than 370 miles (600 km) long. South of Farafangana, the coast becomes rocky and numerous small bays appear to the southeast. In the northeast is the deep bay of Antongil (Antongila).
The western range is 60 to 125 miles (100 to 200 km) wide. Its sedimentary layers slope down to the Mozambique Channel, forming a succession of hills. The inner (eastern) side of these steep hills dominates the basin formed in the soft sediments of the interior, while the other side descends to the sea in rocky slopes. The coast is flat, fringed with small dunes and fringed with mangroves. Currents in the Mozambique Channel promoted the disposal of debris into the sea and the development of river deltas. There are many rivers and creeks along the northwest coast. The coast is surrounded by coral reefs and volcanic islands such as Nosy Be (Nosy-B), which protect Empasindwa Bay.
The steep eastern face of the plateau is drained by numerous short, torrential rivers such as the Mendrare, Mannara, Faraoni, Evondro and Meningori, which flow directly into the sea through coastal lagoons or through waterfalls and rapids. . The gentle western side of the plateau is traversed by long and large rivers, including the Onilahi, Mangoki, Tsiribihina and Betsiboka, which bring vast deposits of fertile alluvium to the vast plains and river estuaries; The mouths of the river, though not entirely blocked by this alluvium, are interspersed with numerous sandbanks.
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There are several lakes of volcanic origin on the island, such as Lake Itasi. Alaotra is the last preserved lake on the eastern slopes. Lake Tsimanampesotsa, on the coast south of Toliara (formerly Tulare), is a large body of salt water with no outlet.
The central plateau and the eastern coast are mainly composed of gneiss, granite, quartz and other crystalline rocks. The gneiss breaks into red mudstone, laterite, and deeper and more fertile red clay, which gives Madagascar its colloquial name, Great Red Island. The fertile alluvial soils in the valleys support intensive agriculture. There are also scattered volcanic intrusions that create fertile but easily erodible soils. Lake Alaotra is a large alluvial pocket on the central plateau that contains some of the most productive agricultural land on the island. The western third of the island consists entirely of sedimentary rocks, resulting in soils of moderate to low fertility. Targeted next-generation sequencing and informatics as an efficient tool to determine bovine piroplasma population structure in endemic regions.
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Authors: Mapenda Gaye 1, 2, † , Nadia Amanzougahneh 1, 2, † , Younes Leydoudi 1, 2, † , El Hadji Amadou Niang 1, 2, 3 , Zuzana Sekaiova 4 , Maureen Laroche 2, 5 , Bangeren 2, 5 , Didier Raault 1, 2, Maria Kazimirova 6, Florence Fenoller 2, 5 and Oleg Mediannikov 1, 2, *
Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), 13385 Marseille, France
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Bp 5005 Dakar-Fann, Senegal
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