Into What Three Broad Categories Do Sociologists Place Societies – Understanding Sociological Research. Identify quantitative and qualitative forms of research and their methods. Explore examples of sociological research. Updated: 17/10/2022
The definition of sociology is human societies and social relations. Sociology is one of the social sciences, which means that its research comes in the form of experiments on social relations designed using the scientific method. Unlike the natural sciences, sociology and other social sciences also have a fundamental need to address ethical issues because they clearly deal with human subjects.
Into What Three Broad Categories Do Sociologists Place Societies
Sociological research is a social science carried out by sociologists (researchers in the field of sociology). Sociology differs from other social sciences in that it is primarily concerned with issues that affect large groups of people and institutional influences. While sociology may be more concerned with individual behavior, just as social psychology is concerned with behavior at the group level, it does so from a lens that begins with societal rather than individual differences.
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Sociological research helps us understand societies and the institutions that exist within them (such as religion, family, school, or government), the relationships between people at the individual and group levels, and how people and institutions interact with each other. Sociologists are concerned with the political, economic, and cultural effects that institutions have on people and how these effects work for or against the people with whom they interact.
Sociological research helps in making political decisions. For example, by understanding the impact of cultural factors on the economic outcomes of people of color, policies can be created that directly address not only economic outcomes, but also the root causes. Sociologists can also provide insight into how interpersonal relationships and social relationships influence each other. In other words, sociologists can show how large cultural problems like systemic racism can become interpersonal struggles that can become larger problems in politics, economics, and culture.
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Sociological research is usually quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods. These methods usually correspond to the opinions of the researcher; a researcher may subscribe to positivist or interpretive approaches that may shape their entire process. Quantitative research uses numerical values (thinking numbers) to understand phenomena; qualitative research seeks rich descriptions to understand phenomena.
Positivist researchers begin the process with theories and hypotheses and design experiments to test them. They then use deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion. They tend to use quantitative research that assigns numerical values to the qualities they want to measure. For example, they may use the number of hospital visits per year as a measure of their health.
An interpretive researcher wants to gather information from participants before drawing conclusions. After collecting data from participants through things like observations and interviews, the interpretive researcher uses inductive reasoning to draw conclusions. This study is intended to be more exploratory than to confirm one correct answer.
Quantitative research looks for quantitative (numerical) data to help confirm or reject a hypothesis. Simple multiple-choice research is perhaps the best-known example of this type of research; the number of people who choose each type of answer can be counted. A similar example is a rating scale where participants select their answer from a selection of numbers representing specific responses (eg: “not very likely”, “somewhat unlikely”, “uncertain”, “somewhat likely”, “very likely”). ; this is called a Likert scale. However, there are times when participants misunderstand a question or feel that they have chosen an answer that understates their point of view, making this type of research difficult.
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However, quantitative research has its advantages. Numbers are usually easier to organize than verbal or written responses, which can express the same thing in different ways and require researchers to analyze the data and interpret the responses. Sometimes it is easier to create a layer of distance between the researcher and the participant, which can help the researcher to avoid the problem of random influence of the participants during the .
Qualitative research seeks a rich description of events to better understand existing phenomena. Often the researcher does not have a specific explanation in mind, but instead conducts a survey to understand how the participants experience the phenomena. As mentioned above, qualitative research is often conducted through an interpretive lens, where the researcher refuses to limit the way one understands a particular phenomenon, such as broader concepts of health, religion, or family ties.
One disadvantage of qualitative research is that it often involves more human interaction. Recruiting more people can raise ethical dilemmas, raise questions about the real reasons for participants’ responses (eg, unwittingly influencing participants), and it can be difficult to retain participants over time when the level of commitment is considered too high. some
There are many sociological research methods, and some lend themselves more easily to quantitative or qualitative research approaches.
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Sociology, human social behavior and society, is one of the social sciences, which means that it conducts social research that uses scientific methods to design experiments. However, unlike many other natural sciences, sociology and other social sciences have a more complex and internal relationship with the moral boundaries of their human subjects. This is because of what sociological research is: like psychology, it must interact directly with human subjects, making the ethical dilemmas of human-related research all the more important.
Sociological research methods can be qualitative or quantitative (or a combination). Sociological research methods include ethnography, field research, participant observation, surveys, and interviews. Qualitative research includes a number of specific methods, from interviewing research participants about their responses to specific items to observing participants in controlled or natural settings. Quantitative research involves data and numbers, and researchers use formulas to analyze numerical evidence of human behavior. Mixed methods include both forms. An example of mixed methods would be a multiple choice survey followed by an interview with a random selection of survey participants to better understand their responses.
Unlock Your Education See for yourself why 30 million people use it Join and start learning now. Become a member. What are social institutions? Social institutions are social organizations that influence the structure and functioning of society. These include family, media, education and government.
A social institution is a practice, tradition, behavior, or system of established roles and relationships that is considered a normative structure or order within society.
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Bogardus – “A social institution is a structure of society, which is organized to satisfy people’s needs mainly according to the established procedure.”
H. E. Barnes – “Social institutions are social structures and mechanisms through which human society organizes, directs and implements various activities that society needs for human needs.
In general, these are patterns of behavior grouped around the central needs of people in society. One such example of an institution is marriage, where several people agree to follow certain rules and acquire the legal status of a family towards each other (Miller, 2007).
Examples (and functions) The five main social institutions in sociology are the family, education, religion, government (politics), and the economy. family
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Family is one of the most important social institutions. It is considered the “building block” of society because it is the basic unit through which socialism takes place.
It is a social unit created by blood, marriage or adoption and can be described as nuclear, consisting of two parents and their children, or extended, including other relatives. Although families vary widely around the world, families across cultures share certain common concerns in their daily lives (Little & McGivern, 2020).
As a social institution, the family performs many and diverse tasks. The family socializes its members by teaching them values, beliefs, and norms.
It also provides emotional support and economic stability. In some cases, the family can even act as a caregiver if one of its members is sick or disabled (Little & McGivern, 2020).
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Historically, the family has been the central social institution of Western societies. However, as sociologists have observed, other social institutions have recently taken the place of the family in performing basic functions, as family size has decreased and more distant ties have been created.
For example, modern schools have partly assumed the social role of children, and workplaces can provide shared meaning.
E. Durkheim – “education can be understood as the socialization of the younger generation. It is a constant attempt to impose ways of seeing, feeling and acting on the child, which could not come to him on his own.”
John J. Maconis – “Education is a social institution through which society imparts essential knowledge to its members, including basic facts, jobs, skills, cultural norms and values.”
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Education as a social institution helps
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