What Improves When A Bullet Spins As It Is Fired – There’s no shortage of history on firearms themselves, but what about the projectiles they fire at such high velocities? See more pictures of the gun.
When people talk about guns, they often focus on the gun – its magazines, stock, scopes, trigger guards, compensators and suppressors. They also discuss variables related to gun operation, such as trigger pull, muzzle flash and recoil.
What Improves When A Bullet Spins As It Is Fired
However, any gun is a means to an end, and that end is to fire a projectile, at high velocity, at a target. Today, almost everyone calls such a projectile a bullet, a word derived from the French boulet, meaning “small ball”. And there were the early bullets—lead bullets fired from smoothbore guns—although they evolved into cylindrical, pointed objects that began with rifled barrels. Once that progress was made, things got interesting. Archers became better shots, their bullets traveled farther and with greater accuracy, and they inflicted devastating wounds on their targets.
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Although much has been written about the development of firearms, less attention has been paid to the development of the modern bullet, such as the 5.56mm rifle and 9x19mm handgun, both of which are standards for US military ammunition. In fact, that’s the point of this list — step by step, through the major innovations that gave rise to the ammunition used today in weapons ranging from assault rifles to semi-automatic pistols.
In the ancient world, a metaphor for a brilliant idea might have been a firework exploding over someone’s head. That’s because fireworks contain black powder, an invention of 11th-century Chinese pyromaniacs. It didn’t take long for a warrior warrior or jealous husband to discover that he could launch a projectile using the same mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur and charcoal.
The earliest black powder weapons belonged to the Arabs – bamboo tubes reinforced with metal that used a charge of black powder to shoot arrows. They were replaced by bronze hand cannons, which required two men. One held the weapon while the other inserted glowing coal or wire into a hole dug in the solid end or breech. He ignited the black powder, which sent a round ball – the first bullet – thundering through the open end of the cannon.
Over time, weapons became far more sophisticated, but they still relied on the same ancient chemical process, which scientists today describe as deflagration. In this type of reaction, a spark ignites a small mass of black powder, which does not explode, but burns rapidly to produce a large volume of expanding gases contained by an unfixed plug. That plug is, of course, the ball, which sits so tightly in the barrel that gases cannot escape around it. As the gases expand and meet resistance, they push the pill out of the mouth.
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Most people think of the arms race as a competition between the United States and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War. However, the struggle of nations to gain an advantage over their enemies by amassing more and better weapons has been an ongoing reality throughout the ages. The lower tablet is no exception. The earliest ammunition consisted of small round stones, but these had little effect on armored warriors. This led exchange makers to explore metal balls, which were made by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to solidify.
Iron balls were popular for a while, but they were difficult to make, required extreme temperatures to melt, and musket barrels often exploded while trying to fire them. Then, in the early 17th century, lead bullets began to fly across the battlefield. Lead had a low melting point, so it could be cast in ladles over wood fires. Soldiers and hunters could stock up on ammunition while cooking dinner. And because they were soft, there was little risk of the lead bullets damaging the gun barrel. These bullets, also called musket balls or “rounds”, would dominate until the 19th century and the development of an aerodynamic projectile.
You are looking at one of the most important developments in tablet history – Moneyballs. According to some sources, more than 95 percent of all wounds treated by Civil War medics were caused by firearms, such as the Springfield Model 1855 rifle musket, with a .58-caliber mini bullet.
Early smoothbore muskets received lead bullets through the muzzle. The bullets were smaller than the bore diameter, so when fired, they bounced along the barrel until ejected. The bounce didn’t do much for accuracy. Then, in the 15th century, German gunsmiths invented rifling – the process of cutting spiral grooves into the inner wall of the barrel. These grooves dug into the projectile as it traveled down the barrel, causing it to spin and give it true flight. Rifling works best if the projectile fits snugly into the barrel, meaning lead bullets need a cover, or screw, to increase the diameter.
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A breakthrough came in the 1850s, thanks to a French military officer named Claude-Étienne Minié. His eponymous bullet was still made of lead, but it was conical, not round. As the hot gases from the black powder combustion expanded into the hollow-based Minié bullet, they caused the soft bullet to ignite and seize the rifled barrel. This meant that innovative bullets could be made smaller in bore without reducing the curvature they achieved. And they required no screws, making them easy to load.
The Minié bullet—the first cylindrical bullet—significantly improved shooters’ accuracy. During the Civil War, which saw the first widespread use of these bullets, Union and Confederate foot soldiers hit their targets more often and at greater distances.
In this picture you can see the hammer, the raised part of the weapon, that fits into the cap that sits on top of the nipple or anvil.
As Bass said in “Dancing in the Dark”: “You can’t start a fire, you can’t start a fire without a spark.” Although Springsteen was referring to romance, the same idea applies to pills. For a weapon to work, there must be a spark or ember to ignite the primer, which in turn ignites the black powder. Flintlock pistols and rifles achieved this by striking a piece of flint against a piece of steel. Sparks from the flint striking the steel fell into the pan containing the primer. The primer burned in a quick flash, igniting the powder charge.
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Flintlock guns worked well, but they had one drawback: the delay between the fall of the cock and the firing of the gun. Some inventors wondered if adding salts, which explode on impact, might be a better option. Unfortunately, salts were too sensitive to shock, friction and sparks, making them too unstable to be practical. Then, in 1800, the English chemist Edward Howard succeeded in isolating mercury fulminate, a relatively stable version of the compound. When the Rev. Alexander Forsyth mixed mercury with potassium chlorate, he developed a very reliable and safe primer. In the 1820s, this new primer was a key component of the percussion cap, a small copper “top hat” that sat on an anvil or nipple. When the hammer struck the cork, it ignited the mercury fulminate, causing the flame to enter the barrel and ignite the powder charge.
A troop of horses from the US Army’s 1st Cavalry Division release gunpowder and mud into the air as part of their traditional ‘cavalry charge’ to end the ceremony March 25, 2009 at Fort Hood, Texas.
The invention of black powder may have been one of humanity’s most important achievements, but it led to a messy battlefield. In a long battle, during which the soldiers fired their weapons several times, a thick veil of smoke filled the air, sometimes making the enemy invisible. In the 19th century, chemists and inventors searched for a better propellant.
The answer came from the plant kingdom in the form of cellulose. This macromolecule, or the long chain of repeating glucose units, is common in plant cells and can be obtained from wood pulp or small cotton fibers. In 1846, the Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein took cotton and dipped it in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, which caused the hydroxyl groups in cellulose to be replaced by nitro groups. The result was a highly flammable substance known as nitrocellulose or guncotton. Unfortunately, it had a tendency to spontaneously break down and explode without warning. Then, in the 1880s, French engineer Paul Weil found that nitrocellulose became less volatile when mixed with certain stabilizers. This led directly to a new type of gunpowder, commonly known as smokeless powder, which revolutionized ammunition. Now a soldier could fire his weapon and not disappear behind a puff of white smoke.
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A modern form of smokeless powder – cordite – contains nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin and petrolatum. In its final form, it looks like small, graphite-colored grains.
The rims at the bottom of these four old tablets are easy to distinguish. You won’t see this rim on modern centerfire cartridges anymore.
Before the 19th century, there were primers, powders and pills.
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